{"id":384,"date":"2015-06-24T22:15:50","date_gmt":"2015-06-24T19:15:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mbirekul.com\/?p=384"},"modified":"2015-06-24T22:15:50","modified_gmt":"2015-06-24T19:15:50","slug":"384","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mbirekul.com\/?p=384","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrk Milli E\u011fitim Sistemi ve Okullar -2-"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00fcrk Milli E\u011fitim Sisteminin Genel Ama\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

E\u011fitim sisteminin ama\u00e7lar\u0131 sistemin politikas\u0131na ve i\u015flevine uygun, sistem b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruyacak, kendi i\u00e7inde ve toplumun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak \u015fekilde saptan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ama\u00e7lar Hiyerar\u015fisi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Hiyerarjik olarak e\u011fitimin ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 uzak ama\u00e7lar, genel ama\u00e7lar, okulun ama\u00e7lar\u0131, dersin ama\u00e7lar\u0131, konunun ama\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak be\u015f grupta toplamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ku\u015fkusuz bu ama\u00e7lar\u0131n birbiri ile ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Milli E\u011fitiminin Temel \u0130lkeleri<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Milli E\u011fitiminin Genel ilkeleri \u015funlard\u0131r; Genellik ve e\u015fitlik, ferdin ve toplumun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131, y\u00f6neltme, e\u011fitim hakk\u0131, f\u0131rsat ve imkan e\u015fitli\u011fi, s\u00fcreklilik, Atat\u00fcrk \u0130nk\u0131laplar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk Milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi, Demokrasi e\u011fitimi, Laiklik bilimsellik, planl\u0131l\u0131k, karma e\u011fitim, okul ve ailenin i\u015fbirli\u011fidir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6RG\u00dcT( TE\u015eK\u0130LAT, ORGAN\u0130ZASYON)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitli tan\u0131mlar\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri di\u011ferinden farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bir \u00e7o\u011funda ortak noktalar vard\u0131r. Fakat her birinin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 temel felsefe di\u011ferinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rg\u00fct ve Y\u00f6netimin Tan\u0131mlar\u0131 ve \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/strong><\/p>\n

Belli bir ama\u00e7 do\u011frultusunda birka\u00e7 ki\u015finin kurdu\u011fu bir koalisyondur. \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcn ama\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6nceden kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u00f6netim bu ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in,\u00f6rg\u00fctteki madde ve insan kaynaklar\u0131na y\u00f6n verir,bunlar\u0131 kullan\u0131r ve kontrol eder.B\u00f6ylece,ama\u00e7lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in gerekli ara\u00e7lar\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

\u00d6rg\u00fct Kuramlar\u0131(Teorileri)<\/strong><\/p>\n

genel a\u00e7\u0131klamalara verilen add\u0131r(Kuzgun,1988,s.106).Kuram, y\u00f6neticiyi ger\u00e7e\u011fe g\u00f6t\u00fcren en g\u00fcvenilir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli \u00f6rg\u00fct kuramlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 grupta toplamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bunlar klasik, neoklasik ve modern kuramlard\u0131r. Klasik kuram\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri(Taylor,Reily,Allen ve Brech) formal \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn anatomisiyle u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Formal \u00f6rg\u00fct, ortak bir amac\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapan insanlar\u0131n, koordine edilmi\u015f eylemler sistemi olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. Formal bir \u00f6rg\u00fct olabilmesi i\u00e7in koordine edilmi\u015f bir eylemler sistemi, bir grup insan, bir amaca y\u00f6nelik i\u015f birli\u011fi, otorite ve \u00f6nderlik s\u00f6z konusudur. Klasik Kuram D\u00f6rt S\u00fctun \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur<\/p>\n

a)\u0130\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc:<\/strong> Bir insan \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e i\u015fler imk\u00e2n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde do\u011fal \u00e7izgilerden b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelidir.<\/p>\n

b)Dikey ve g\u00f6revsel s\u00fcre\u00e7ler:<\/strong> Dikey s\u00fcre\u00e7 komuta zincirinin, yetki ve sorumluluk devrinin, komuta birli\u011fi ve rapor verme zorunlulu\u011funun b\u00fcy\u00fcmeleriyle ilgilidir; yatay s\u00fcre\u00e7 ise, \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn uzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f kesimlere b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ve bu kesimlerin uygun birimler olarak yeniden gruplanmas\u0131yla ilgilidir.<\/p>\n

c)Yap\u0131:<\/strong> Bir \u00f6rg\u00fctte g\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00e7e\u015fitli eylemler aras\u0131nda var olan ili\u015fkilere uygulanan bir kavramd\u0131r. Amac\u0131, g\u00f6revler aras\u0131nda d\u00fczenli bir s\u0131ralama sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Klasik kuram, hat ve kurmay olmak \u00fczere iki temel yap\u0131yla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131r. Hat, otoriteyi temsil eder, kurmay ise, \u00f6neri ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri temsil eden bir dan\u0131\u015fma hizmetidir.<\/p>\n

d)Denetim alan\u0131:<\/strong> Bir y\u00f6neticinin etkin olarak denetleyebilece\u011fi memur say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ve bu say\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fct yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkisini g\u00f6sterir. Geni\u015f alan d\u00fcz bir yap\u0131y\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r, k\u0131sa alan uzun bir yap\u0131 gerektirir.<\/p>\n

Neoklasik kuram<\/strong>, bundan \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131klanan d\u00f6rt s\u00fctunu benimsemekle beraber, bunlar\u0131n insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini savunur. Hawthorne, Gardner, Moore, Davis gibi yazarlar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi neoklasik kuram,insan davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6nlerini belirtememi\u015ftir.Bu kuram\u0131n\u00a0 belki en zay\u0131f yan\u0131,sistem g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6nemsememi\u015f ve \u00f6rg\u00fcte getirmemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir Sistem Olarak \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

1)Sistemin ama\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong>: Bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn toplumca kendine verilen formal ve genel ama\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu ama\u00e7lara \u201ca\u00e7\u0131k ama\u00e7lar\u201d denir. Bunun yan\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlerin informal ve bireysel olan baz\u0131 \u201ckapal\u0131 ama\u00e7lar\u0131\u201dda vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

2)Sistemin stratejik par\u00e7alar\u0131:<\/strong>Stratejik par\u00e7alar \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn temelidir.Bu stratejik par\u00e7alar \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

a)Bireyler:<\/strong> Bir \u00f6rg\u00fctte belirli i\u015fleri yapmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc bireyler kendi rol,stat\u00fc ve ki\u015filikleri ile \u00f6rg\u00fcte bir kimlik kazand\u0131r\u0131rlar.Bireylerin birbirleri ile etkile\u015fimi \u00f6rg\u00fcte\u00a0 kazand\u0131r\u0131lan\u00a0 kimli\u011fin temelidir.<\/p>\n

b)Formal \u00f6rg\u00fct: <\/strong>Bir \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn formal y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00f6rg\u00fctteki hiyerar\u015fi, formal kom\u00fcnikasyon, karar verme i\u015flemlerinin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00fcyelerin kararlar\u0131n\u0131 etkileme yollar\u0131 te\u015fkil eder.<\/p>\n

c)\u0130nformal \u00f6rg\u00fct:<\/strong> Sistemin i\u00e7inde do\u011fal liderli\u011fe ve do\u011fal grupla\u015fmaya dayan\u0131r. Ki\u015filere verilen roller ve stat\u00fcler, formal \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn verdiklerinden de\u011fi\u015fik olabilirler.<\/p>\n

d)Stat\u00fc ve rol d\u00fczenleri:<\/strong> Rol ve stat\u00fc \u00f6rg\u00fctte b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in birbirine ayk\u0131r\u0131 unsurlar\u0131 birle\u015ftiren kavramlar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr(Bursal\u0131o\u011flu,1967,s.6).<\/p>\n

e)\u00d6rg\u00fct ortam\u0131:<\/strong> Bir \u00f6rg\u00fctte \u00fcyelerin rollerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmeleri i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli bir havan\u0131n olmas\u0131 gerekir. Stratejik par\u00e7alar\u0131n birbirine kayna\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcreci bu havan\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n

3)Sistemin stratejik par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/strong> Sistem i\u00e7inde \u00fcyeler aras\u0131nda ve y\u00f6netim ile \u00f6rg\u00fct aras\u0131nda meydana gelen uzla\u015fma, kontrol ve uyma \u00e7abalar\u0131 bu ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015ftirmektedir(G\u00fcrsel,Ba\u015faran,1970,s.7).<\/p>\n

Stratejik par\u00e7alar\u0131 kayna\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcreci:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sistemin tansiyonuna ve gerilimine etki yapan \u00f6nemli fakt\u00f6rler, stratejik par\u00e7alar\u0131n kayna\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinin sakatlanmas\u0131 ve \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn gerek formal ama\u00e7lar\u0131na gerekse informal ama\u00e7lar\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n engellenmesidir. Bu kayna\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcreci \u00f6rg\u00fctteki karar verme ve kom\u00fcnikasyon s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine dayan\u0131r. Bu iki s\u00fcrecin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmamas\u0131, ama\u00e7lar\u0131n engellenmesine, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla gerilime neden olur(G\u00fcrsel,Ba\u015faran,1970,s.7).<\/p>\n

Modern \u00f6rg\u00fct kuram\u0131, de\u011ferlere ve de\u011fer sistemlerine \u00f6nem vermek, metodolojiye dikkat etmek, i\u015f ve makamlar\u0131 yeni kavramlar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ele almak, \u00f6rg\u00fct \u00fcyelerinin g\u00f6revlilerden \u00e7ok bireyler oldu\u011funu ve bu bireylerin gruplara ba\u011fl\u0131 bulundu\u011funu kabul etmek gibi yenilikler ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca modern kuram\u0131n y\u00f6netim bilimine sundu\u011fu di\u011fer iki yabanc\u0131 kavram da holizm ve negatif entropy dir.<\/p>\n

Holizm, sistemin kendisini olu\u015fturan par\u00e7alar\u0131n toplam\u0131ndan daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmesidir. Bir sistem; par\u00e7alar\u0131n teker teker hareketlerinin de\u011fil, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 hareketlerinin sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar(Ackoft,1996,s.7).<\/p>\n

Entropy ise sistemin bozulmas\u0131 ve \u00f6lmesi demektir. \u00d6rg\u00fctler a\u00e7\u0131k sistem olarak \u201centropy\u201dyi \u00f6nleyecek mekanizmalar geli\u015ftirirler. S\u00f6zgelimi, personeli e\u011fiterek yeni teknolojik ko\u015fullara uydurmak ve ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131larda kullanmak \u00fczere yedek ak\u00e7e bulundurmak suretiyle sistem i\u00e7in negatif entropy olu\u015ftururlar.<\/p>\n

Sistem kuram\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta\u00a0 y\u00f6netim kuramlar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla yola \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n,bunu sa\u011flayamamas\u0131,durumsall\u0131k(cotingency) ad\u0131 verilen bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur.Bu yakla\u015f\u0131ma g\u00f6re \u201cher zaman her yerde ge\u00e7erli\u201d bir \u00f6rg\u00fct yap\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilemez ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlerle ilgili her \u015fey ko\u015fullara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.Y\u00f6neticilerin uygulamada yapt\u0131klar\u0131 her \u015fey duruma ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fmektedir(Can,1992,s58).Bir bak\u0131ma bu yakla\u015f\u0131m \u201c\u00f6yle olursa b\u00f6yle olmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d ili\u015fkisini inceler.S\u00f6zgelimi y\u00f6netici,bir grup deneyimsiz\u00a0 ki\u015fileri y\u00f6netiyorsa,\u00f6nderlik bi\u00e7imi,deneyimli astlara uygulayaca\u011f\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Durumsal yakla\u015f\u0131mda, \u00f6rg\u00fctler aras\u0131nda benzerliklerden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131l\u0131klar \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n y\u00f6netsel karar ve s\u00fcre\u00e7leri etkileyece\u011fi varsay\u0131l\u0131r. Bu nedenle durumsal yakla\u015f\u0131m, hastahane, \u00fcniversite vb. kurulu\u015flar\u0131n y\u00f6netimi ile sanayi i\u015fletmelerinin y\u00f6netimi aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131l\u0131klar olaca\u011f\u0131, hatta ayn\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri aras\u0131nda, teknoloji, \u00f6rg\u00fct yap\u0131s\u0131 vb. fakt\u00f6rler nedeniyle zorunlu olarak farkl\u0131 metot ve teknikler uygulanmas\u0131 gere\u011fini savunur(Baransel,1993,s.17).<\/p>\n

Mehmet Birekul, 2015<\/strong><\/p>\n ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00fcrk Milli E\u011fitim Sisteminin Genel Ama\u00e7lar\u0131 E\u011fitim sisteminin ama\u00e7lar\u0131 sistemin politikas\u0131na ve i\u015flevine uygun, sistem b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruyacak, kendi i\u00e7inde ve toplumun ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak \u015fekilde saptan\u0131r. Ama\u00e7lar Hiyerar\u015fisi Hiyerarjik olarak e\u011fitimin ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 uzak ama\u00e7lar, genel ama\u00e7lar, okulun ama\u00e7lar\u0131, dersin ama\u00e7lar\u0131, konunun ama\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak be\u015f grupta toplamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ku\u015fkusuz bu ama\u00e7lar\u0131n birbiri ile ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekir.…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mbirekul.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/384"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mbirekul.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mbirekul.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mbirekul.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mbirekul.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=384"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.mbirekul.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/384\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.mbirekul.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=384"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mbirekul.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=384"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.mbirekul.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=384"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}